(Michaels-Strasser et al. between patient and physician/doctor and the medical advice they may provide. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/07/31/world/africa/ebola-virus-outbreak-qa.html, In contrast to this, the Sudan ebolavirus has a lower case fatality rate of 39% to 65% in previous outbreaks, with the largest outbreak occurring in 2000 in Uganda (425 cases). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2395567/pdf/bullwho00439-0113.pdf Feb 2021 [internet publication]. 3 0 obj Tasks: Review the Ebola materials assembled for you by a team of experts and then use what you've learned to create a strategy to stop the outbreak. The second drug, Ebanga, is a single monoclonal antibody and was approved in December 2020. https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2021-DON351. You can read their DAILY Situation Summary. Transmission of Ebola from the reservoir species to humans or other potential end hosts might be an infrequent event, taking into account the restricted distribution and scarce contact with the reservoir species. Nov 2020[internet publication]. As each country must strengthen its preparedness and response system to prevent eventual Ebola outbreaks in the future, adequate knowledge about the ecology and transmission of this disease is of the uttermost importance. Mar 2020 [internet publication]. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1411100#t=article Nazimek K, Bociaga-Jasik M, Bryniarski K, Gaas A, Garlicki A, Gawda A, Gawlik G, Gil K, Kosz-Vnenchak M, Mrozek-Budzyn D, Olszanecki R, Piatek A, Zawiliska B, Marcinkiewicz J. There were many factors at play in this outbreak, such as the emergence of a new strain Ebola virus; a lack of preparedness in West. Fields virology. https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2021-DON328, 2021: the twelfth outbreak in the DRC started on February 7, 2021 in the North Kivu province and was declared over on May 3, 2021, with a total of 12 cases and 6 deaths (case fatality rate 50%). Would you like email updates of new search results? Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Ebola was first recognized in 1976 as the cause of outbreaks of disease in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (then known as Zaire) and in Sudan. Disease Outbreak News. Metrovi, Tomislav. Updates to the zoonotic niche map of Ebola virus disease in Africa. The epidemiology of human pathogenic filovirus is reviewed in this paper considering the most relevant facts. The virus's relatively unique structure, its infectivity and lethality, the difficulty in stopping its. Ebola is a problem in our society today. Where a individual seeks care depends on the level of trust in the healthcare system, accessibility and abundance of healthcare facilities, financial and economic stance and cultural beliefs (WHO 2016). Aug 2022 [internet publication]. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0052986, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23285243?tool=bestpractice.com. and around 20% in patients managed outside West Africa. % 2019 Sep 29;6(1):435-458. doi: 10.1146/annurev-virology-092818-015708. The Triangle has three. 2011 Jul;17(7):964-76. Among the simplest of these is the epidemiologic triad or triangle, the traditional model for infectious disease. , The WHO declares an outbreak is over when no confirmed or probable cases are detected for a period of 42 days (i.e., twice the maximum incubation period) since the last potential exposure to the last case occurred; however, WHO recommends heightened surveillance and response activities during the 42-day period and for at least 6 months after. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the 1978;56(2):271-93. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2395567/pdf/bullwho00439-0113.pdf, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/307456?tool=bestpractice.com. These variables play a role in the spread of the virus in human populations. Spread to Nigeria and Senegal, CDC teams . 1). People at higher risk of infection include healthcare workers, family members or others who have close contact with infected people or who have contact with their bodies during funerals or burying rituals. World Health Organization. Still, pigs can act as an amplifying host, thus potential transmission routes need to be further addressed. The opinions expressed here are the views of the writer and do not necessarily reflect the views and opinions of News Medical. World Health Organization. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted endobj Over 19,000 cases were reported by December 2014 and of those, 7,518 lost their lives. Disease outbreak news: Ebola virus disease - Democratic Republic of the Congo. N Engl J Med. Avoid participation in funeral or burial rituals that require handling a dead body. The ebola virus took the world by storm after it was carried to the United States and spread by people who had visited West Africa. Elife. The natural history of EVD has shown that the disease may pose a problem to developed countries and may present a thread to individuals. People become infected with Ebola virus through contact with infected wild animals or contact with blood or body fluids (urine, feces, saliva, sweat, vomit, breast milk, and semen) of infected humans. There are four different strains of the Ebola virus that cause disease in people: Ebola virus (Zaire ebolavirus); Sudan virus (Sudan ebolavirus); Ta Forest virus (Ta Forest ebolavirus, formerly Cte dIvoire ebolavirus); and Bundibugyo virus (Bundibugyo ebolavirus). Trop J Med Res 2017;20:1-9, Available at SSRN: If you need immediate assistance, call 877-SSRNHelp (877 777 6435) in the United States, or +1 212 448 2500 outside of the United States, 8:30AM to 6:00PM U.S. Eastern, Monday - Friday. Retrospective observational study of 38 outbreaks of Ebola disease occurred from 1976 through 2019, excluding laboratory accidents. The following are the elements that make up the Epidemiological Triangle for Ebola. The site is secure. Do not handle items that might have come in contact with a persons blood or body fluids, such as clothing, bedding, and medical equipment. This was the first outbreak in Guinea since the 2014-2016 West Africa outbreak. The Epidemiological Triangle is a model that scientists have developed to understand infectious diseases and how they spread is the Epidemiological Triangle. FOIA 2016, p. 2). Jul 2022 [internet publication]. Jul 2020 [internet publication]. Advanced molecular detection and Liberian Ebola. Arwady MA, Bawo L, Hunter JC, Massaquoi M, Matanock A, Dahn B, Ayscue P, Nyenswah T, Forrester JD, Hensley LE, Monroe B, Schoepp RJ, Chen TH, Schaecher KE, George T, Rouse E, Schafer IJ, Pillai SK, De Cock KM. <> On March 25, 2014 the World Health Organization(WHO) announced the outbreak of a new strain of the Ebola virus disease with 86 suspected cases[15]. [24]Report of an International Commission. A study conducted in Liberia in 2014 proved such hypothesis to be true and concluded that prompt and accurate isolation of infected patients was a safe method. However, there are social, economic, cultural, and political obstacles that continue to greatly hinder a more efficient epidemiological approach to Ebola disease, mainly in Central Africa. Keywords: Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. The review was undertaken using the key words epidemiology, public health, outbreak control of Ebola virus, EVD, emerging disease, and/or pandemic disease through medical search engines and abstracting databases such as Pubmed, Google Scholar, and websites of international health agencies such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Text Version of Timeline. Bull World Health Organ. Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) is a serious, often fatal disease caused by the Ebolavirus, a virus of the Filoviridae family, capable of infecting multiple species of primates, including humans. Disease Outbreak News. Christensen R, Fisher D, Salmon S, Drury P, Effler P. BMC Med. At this time, the WHO sent teams into the field to manage and trace cases. Retrieved on May 01, 2023 from https://www.news-medical.net/health/Ebola-Virus-Epidemiology.aspx. Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) is the international health emergency paradigm due to its epidemiological presentation pattern, impact on public health, resources necessary for its control, and need for a national and international response. Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. According to a World Health Organization report, the epidemiological features of Ebola virus disease (EVD) have changed significantly in West Africa. There are several steps to take to prevent EVD when living in or traveling to an area with EVD: The FDA approved the Ebola vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV (called Ervebo) on December 19, 2019. N Engl J Med. May 2021 [internet publication]. 4 0 obj A cross border surveillance program began in June to limit the spread of the disease between the countries. [29]World Health Organization. Although the virus is not transmitted via food or water, and the proper cooking of foods should inactivate infectious particles, ingestion of contaminated food may represent a possible route of exposure in natural infections. The virus enters the host through mucous membranes, breaks, cuts, and abrasions in the skin, or by parenteral introduction. 2016 Jul 14;5:e16412. Infection with the Ebola virus in Africa has occurred through the handling of infected gorillas, chimpanzees, monkeys, fruit bats, forest antelopes, and porcupines. Each genus includes some serotypes with the distinctive characteristics to cause high mortality rate during outbreaks. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. government site. This idea is further corroborated by Marburg virus outbreaks that have been associated with caves or mines heavily infested with bats. Dec 2021 [internet publication]. Ebola - Democratic Republic of the Congo. Such an idea was supported by experimental studies in African plants and animals that resulted in the transmission of the Zaire Ebola virus to African fruit and insectivorous bats, although a conclusive link could not be established. Nobody had any. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Emerg Infect Dis. In late 2013, Ebola virus disease (EVD), a deadly and lethal disease, remerged in West Africa spreading to various countries in the region. TheZaire ebolavirus has a reported case fatality rate of up to 90% in previous outbreaks. Cookie Settings. Recent outbreaks of animal-borne emerging infectious diseases have likely been precipitated by a complex interplay of changing ecological, epidemiological and socio-economic factors. It was predicted that the Ebola outbreak would end in June 2015. 2015 Sep;93(3):438-40. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0229. For instance, care can occur through traditional healers, the home, primary health care facilities and hospitals (Manguvo, A & Mafuvadze, B 2015, p. 2). https://www.who.int/emergencies/situations/Ebola-2019-drc-, 2018: small outbreak in the DRC with 54 cases and 33 deaths (case fatality rate 61%).[2]World Health Organization. Ebola hemorrhagic fever is considered a classic zoonotic disease with the persistence of the Ebola virus in a reservoir species. 3 0 obj Abstract Ebola virus disease (EVD) is one of the most virulent pathogens among viral hemorrhagic fevers affecting economically deprived countries of the world with reported case fatality rates of up to 90% due to multi-organ failure and severe bleeding complications. Populations at risk have increased (P = .024) and the geographical extent of Ebola outbreaks has grown (P = .004). Jul 2022 [internet publication]. In Central Africa, for the last three years outbursts have been recognized every year, the most recent of which proceeded in the Republic of the Congo with the amount of victims more than 125, according to the World Health Organization (Ebola. The West Africa Ebola virus (species Zaire ebolavirus) outbreak is the largest in history with sustained transmission in multiple countries.Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Liberia have been the most heavily affected. If you have concerns about EVD, contact your healthcare provider. % endobj When the Ebola epidemic began in 2014 Sierra Leone 's government health care system was built on rigid foundations. Jun 2021 [internet publication]. * A suspected case (evaluated by a clinician) or person who died from suspected EVD and had an epidemiological link to a confirmed case (but was not tested and did not have laboratory confirmation of the disease) becomes PROBABLE. Careers. The paper summarizes available evidence regarding the determinants of spread of Ebola virus disease, including health care and community related risk factors. and Disease outbreak news. PLoS One. The virus obtained its name from the Ebola River in Africa. The epidemic was a result of unsafe and unsanitary hospital practices, and non-sterilized medical equipment. Bookshelf Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies In June, MSF called for the WHO to increase its response. Fortunately, a pharmaceutical company. Disease outbreak news: Ebola virus disease - Democratic Republic of the Congo. PMC Since then, frequent outbreaks have occurred in Central and Western Africa. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Information on the year of the outbreak, date of beginning and end, duration of the outbreak in days, number of cases, number of deaths, population at risk, geographic extension affected in Km2, and time of notification of the first cases to the World Health Organization (WHO) have been searched and analyzed. Reporting time of the first cases of Ebola to WHO has been reduced (P = .017) and case fatality (P = .028) has gone from 88% to 62% in the period studied.
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