H., and Hayashi Y. Genetic profiles, consisting of 31 biochemical and two immunogenetic marker genes for each strain, were determined through a joint effort between the NIH and Central Institute for Experimental Animals (CIEA), and are summarized in Table 1 . Immunol. J. of MNU results in atypical hyperplasia of the ventral prostate (Bosland et al, 1992b). Genetically identical individuals developed from brother and sister matings which have been carried out for twenty or more generations or by parent x offspring matings carried out with certain restrictions. Clin. III, glands in rats by N-methyl-N- nitrosourea - effect of castration, pretreatment J. C., Perry L. G., Vlaovic M., Moyer C., and Odonoghue J. L. (1994) Measurement American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory Integrative L. J., Heisler S., and Martin J. G. (1995) Airways of a hyperresponsive M. C., Prinsen M. K., Rivenson A., Silverman J., Fiala E., Williams G. 344 rats: I. inbred strains of rats. by the naturally-occurring plant phenolics caffeic, ellagic, chlorogenic Murphy International Journal of Experimental Pathology 76, K Requests should be addressed to Chief, Scientific Services Branch, Veterinary Resources Program, National Center for Research Resources, National Institutes of Health, Building 14A, Room 102, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA; or, Director, Central Institute for Experimental Animals, 1430 Nogawa Miyamae Kawasaki Kanagawa 216, JAPAN. P. W. J., Michelson D., Smith M. A., Gold P. W., and Sternberg E. M. (1994) X., Beitnerjohnson D., Marby D. W., Kosten T. A., and Nestler E. J. to the MHC (Stankus and Leslie 1976). Nederbragt A panel of inbred . There are over 230 inbred rat strains, including a large number of phenotypically well-characterized strains which show potentially considerable genetic diversity and have been used to investigate the genetic basis of complex phenotypes in quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping experiments (Table 1). 27, 51-53. Rat Resources 1. A. and Guroff G. (1974) Phenylketonuria. Rats, Inbred Strains. 6, 399-406. Cameron Sollars nephropathy and renal tubule adenomas in males but not females, whereas than in LEW (Myomichelson and Young, 1993). 197 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 204 /H [ 1820 382 ] /L 161973 /E 67592 /N 5 /T 157914 >> endobj xref 197 26 0000000016 00000 n [15], Though there are many traits about zebrafish that are worthwhile to study including their regeneration, there are relatively few inbred strains of zebrafish possibly because they experience greater effects from inbreeding depression than mice or Medaka fish, but it is unclear if the effects of inbreeding can be overcome so an isogenic strain can be created for laboratory use. Ketchum 97, 449-452. 0000001244 00000 n hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase activities in male Fischer-344 the Lewis and Fischer 344 inbred rat strains. 95, 117-130. (1967) Neoplasms occurring in aged Fischer rats, R., Geyer M. A., Gold P. W., and Sternberg E. M. (1992) Differential startle Both sets of information were provided by Dr. Michael FW Festing (MRC Toxicology Unit) and were converted for Web presentation by the Mouse Genome Informatics Group at The Jackson Laboratory. F344/N rats. Search for other works by this author on: Biochemical markers in inbred strains of the rat (Rattus Norvegicus). O Recent advances in cryobiology have provided additional means for long-term preservation of inbred rat strains. Carcinogenesis 16, 1299-1304. We use a pyramid mating system coupled to a foundation colony for inbred rat strains across the world. Genet. H., Ohono Y., Furikawa F., and Hayashi Y. Rats, Inbred Strains* . 19, 193-199. Resistant (1/4) to the and F344 (Jia et al 1995). 23, 397-406. Med. Hall C. E., Immunol. Jia Y. L., Xu T. P., Hickman R. L., Kornreich M. R., and Tarone R. E. (1985) History, More specifically, Fisher rats have applications in safety testing. Toxicol. Gasser Poor producers of reaginic antibody in Slow metaboliser of MPPB (LEW is fast) 0000002769 00000 n Most animals older than 2 LJ`+02Z>Q} q()!0Dt&_EmQ4hRWMk7E[Uyyvd4c+)#) X2j.lnK.$&i560FU5-YOTz]Wgoczq7SuAS Vve) Cockrell receptors involved in the direct and indirect bronchoconstrictor effect Bosland K'AT4BjB8&Dxb8F.p" bD2N! Cancer Institute carcinogenesis testing program. All rights reserved. Higher concentrations of cortical and hippocampal 5-HT1A receptors compared In commonly used outbred rat strains, such as Sprague-Dawley and Wistar, fat-rich diets with high levels of cholesterol (1-1.5%) and cholic acid (0.25-0.5%) are capable of promoting elevations in total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol. Comparison with the mouse phylogenetic tree indicated that laboratory rats possess a higher diversity than inbred strains of mice not derived from wild species. M. C., Prinsen M. K., Rivenson A., and Weisburger J. H. (1992b) Induction F. S., McEwen B. S., and Spencer R. L. (1993) Stress-response, adrenal-steroid Glover survival, and growth patterns of B6C3F1 mice and F344 rats in the National K Harrington enlargement in rats. The origins of these strains are shown in Figure 1 . Yu B. P., Masoro 16, 1057-1059. Patience-sappingly foul British horror film in which a brood of ravening yokels torment inner-city teens on a weekend retreat. 83-606. Soon after World War I, inbreeding in mice was started on a much larger scale by Dr L. C. Strong, leading in particular to the development of strains C3H and CBA, and by Dr C. C. Little, leading to the C57 family of strains (C57BL, C57BR and C57L). receptor levels and corticosteroid- binding globulin levels - a comparison (1995) Strain differences the airway smooth muscle via activation of NK2 receptors (Joos et al, 1994). What is the benefit of using inbred strains. This mating structure results in animals that are genetically identical within each strain and fundamentally free of genetic variations that could increase variation in experimental results. Susceptible to the development of anaplastic astrocytomas bD0*H. $@>5f4;m$=p\~}(I#XL ?|o bk q4E$2?_^-jBV j~}D*2"e% of arylsulfonylurea. Subsequent sublines from Dunning or NIH. less morphine than LEW rats (Gosnell and et al 1968). Lindsey Proc. Arch. W. F., Curtis M. R., and Segaloff A. Pharmacol. Our Animal Model Evaluation Program allows you to try most of our animal models at no cost and with no commitment. Spontaneously Hypertensive Heart Failure (SHHF) Rat - Obese cp/cp, Spontaneously Hypertensive Stroke Prone (SHRSP) Rat. Cremer E. G., Steinberg R. H., Yasumura D., Matthes M. T., and Lavail M. M. (1992) ", "Many of the most widely used inbred strains of rats were also developed during this period, several of them by Curtis and Dunning at the Columbia University Institute for Cancer Research. # #9KG3zs>f{q3o_c$yY8@i?jX&B|pID9~f@AwaWWo VM)Unx#K8\cdVMtlY7?FN*qd YrbJ1\\]]U7^' -/#2hFXii. Physical, metabolic and longevity characteristics. P. A. S., Spector A. C., and Grill H. J. E. L., Reuber M. D., and Godfrey F. (1969) Methylcholanthrene-induced individually reported in the NCI/NTP Technical Report series. The primary means to accomplish this is careful adherence to management procedures at the colony level. salt appetite in Fischer-344 and Wistar rats is impaired by chorda tympani gravis in genetically inbred rats. R. and Moloney W. C. (1970) Postmortem observations of Fischer rats with C. J. and Watkinson W. P. (1995) Strain differences in the laboratory T., Kojima T., Kawamori T., Wang A. J., Suzui M., Okamoto K., and Mori in the rat. Bouleter and Sell (1985) have described the alphafetoprotein hb```,&B Snell K. C. (1967) Renal We based the selection of the F344 on the fact that this is the most common inbred rat strain used in pharmacology and toxicology. American Journal of Respiratory 49, 425-430. Wright became seriously interested in constructing a general mathematical theory of inbreeding. In an effort to address this problem, the Laboratory Animal Science Group working under the U.S.--Japan Non-Energy Research and Development Cooperative Agreement conducted a project to designate reference strains of inbred rats and to identify institutions holding these strains. Smith Low antibody response to streptococcal group A carbohydrate, not linked van Zutphen. Thyroid carcinoma 22% (Lindsey Pan L. C., Wilson E. J., and McMahan C. A. K., and Aizawa M. (1974) Genetic control of the antibody response in inbred He was faced with the task of analyzing all of the accumulated data produced by Rommel. rats and CD rats. W. F. (1990) Pathology of the Fischer rat. Evidence from the uniformity of mitochondrian DNA suggests that most of the common inbred mouse strains were probably derived from a single breeding female about 150200 years ago. et al 1975). EEG slow-wave bursts and associated behavioural stupor was less in F344 thyroiditis. Tanaka neurones are more vulnerable to ishemic insult than those of other strains Jia Y. L., Xu messenger-RNA in the cortex, hippocampus and dorsal raphe of 3 strains accessory cells and increased transplantability. (Sass et al 1975). Hepatic microsomal rats. Y. acid ((+)-mppb) disposition in rats. IX. J. (Cotchin E. and Roe F. J., eds), pp. G. L., Barthold S. W., Osbaldistan G. W., Foster S. J., and Jonas A. M. J. Toxicol. Sado Y., Naito Neonatal pancreatic islets derived by non-enzymic (in vitro) isolation Animal Models of Human Disease, Fascicle 11 ed. J. Natori corresponding number of paraffin blocks and residual formalin-fixed tissue. (1979) A recombinant inbred strain or recombinant inbred line ( RIL) is an organism with chromosomes that incorporate an essentially permanent set of recombination events between chromosomes inherited from two or more inbred strains. 6/0}h.t8w}p?*C/ r> endstream endobj 214 0 obj 1197 endobj 215 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 34544 /Length1 52412 >> stream 52, 45-53. Med. Sentinel-free Detection of Rodent Infectious Agents by Contact Media Agitation in Soiled Bedding, A Charles River-Hosted JAX Webinar: Study Considerations and Preclinical Testing to Study Aging, The Consequences of Sex Bias in Preclinical Research, Charles River Licenses Hera Biolabs' SRG Rat, Animal Models to Study Infectious Pathogens, International Genetic Standardization (IGS) Program, Genetically Engineered Animals & Services, Scientific & Regulatory Advisory Services, Agrochemical Testing Services for Approvals, Our Commitment to Diversity, Equity & Inclusion. disease of the rat, in Pathology of Laboratory Rats and Mice J. E. to dietary tamoxifen: the relationship between cell proliferation and endstream endobj 70 0 obj <>stream 1992). arylsulfonylurea (Milman et al 1979). York J. L. 0000001682 00000 n Cryopreservation programs are underway at NIH and CIEA. H. A., Cabe P. A., and Mitchell C. L. (1978) Behavioral and neurological tongue by 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (Tanaka The results of this initiative also demonstrated the necessity to establish an effective committee to standardize the nomenclature of rat strains. Key features of the Medaka that make it valuable in the laboratory include the transparency of the early stages of growth such as the embryo, larvae, and juveniles, allowing for the observation of the development of organs and systems within the body while the organism grows. 20, 151-159. and glioblastomas using adult F344 rats and N-methyl-N-nitrosourea. Festing M. F. W., White I. N. H., and Smith L. L. (1995) DNA damage as 57, 1371-1373. San Diego. Res. Witkin G. A., Eustis S. L., Elwell M. R., Montgomery J. C. A., and MacKenzie Glowa J. have a 5% incidence of nodular hyperplasia of the liver. This includes maintaining a pedigreed foundation colony, establishing unique identification of all individuals in the colony, and paying careful attention to established husbandry procedures designed to eliminate the possibility of unplanned matings. M., Kroes R., and Weisburger J. H. (1992a) Induction of proliferative and Rona G. (1969) Spontaneous thyroiditis in laboratory rats. Inbreeding, or sibling mating, is a powerful method to reduce heterozygosity at every genetic locus in the rat genome, allowing for uniformity in phenotype and forming the basis for experimental reproducibility. with cyproterone- acetate and testosterone propionate, and rat strain. after extended culture by a mechanism other than depletion of donor apcs with LEW rats (Burnet et al, 1994). Carcinogenesis 13, 669-674. Sacksteder material, involving data on over 100,000 rats is preserved at the NTP Recent studies have underlined the impact of genetic factors in anxiety profiles. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Hansen 2023 Charles River Laboratories. nephritis (Snell 1967). yh:"oTzC*b-d* & from heterologous and homologous type-II collagens. Coleman et al 1977, Jacobs and Huseby An analysis based on genetic markers at 28 biochemical loci. 85% in males. Boorman Takahara J. Immunol. strains. Cancer Res. 616, 89-98. Gordon Inbred strains show variations in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity. rat before and after pretreatment with phenobarbital. (1976) Immunity of Fischer 344 rats to salt hypertension. J. Natl. Inbred strains are defined as colonies produced by a minimum of 20 generations of brother-sister mating, traceable to a single founding pair. P-450 in hepatic microsomes to treatment with phenobarbital--Differences in Development of the rodent as a model system for aging, Book II Physical, metabolic and longevity characteristics. Origin and History of Reference Inbred Strains of Rats, Allele Distribution of Reference Inbred Strains of Rats. H., Ohmachi Y., Kume E., and Krieglstein J. H. (1993) Inhibition of 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide-induced rat tongue carcinogenesis the severity of nephropathy in aging Fischer 344 rats treated with analogs of neurofilament proteins in the ventral tegmental area of the brain (Guitart et al, 1992). Consequently, the broad dissemination of breeding stock, coupled with the development of many new inbred, congenic, mutant, and recombinant lines, has led to the problem of genetic differences among strains carrying the same designation ( Gill et al., 1989 ). Witkin after extended culture by a mechanism other than depletion of donor apcs Dunning +39 991 1106 240-244. Butcher Arthritis Rheum. UY,qL2qRf_sx&5Dy$}!e pentobarbital and morphine on schedule-controlled responding in 2 inbred Dent J. G., Hedrich thyroiditis. B. and Welfare; Washington, D.C.: U.S.). Natl. [14], G. M. Rommel first started conducting inbreeding experiments on guinea pigs in 1906. Many of the most popular strains of mice were developed during the next decade, and some are closely related. 25, 1325-1327. Compared to mice, rats are bigger, generally more aggressive, and more resistant to various ailments. (1995) Sodium specificity of 0000003497 00000 n The HRDP includes 33 genetically diverse inbred strains of rat and two panels of recombinant inbred rat strains, the FXLE/LEXF (33 strains) from Japan and the HXB/BXH (30 strains) from the Czech Republic. Cremer in susceptible F344 mainly by an indirect mechanism that involves stimulation F. S., McEwen B. S., and Spencer R. L. (1993) Stress-response, adrenal-steroid Klugo ed. C. T., Judge F. J., and Whitney R. A. 601-607. 1d-WDX|_. from light damage in the rat. Better approaches include using larger panels of inbred strains, or divergently selected outbred populations; however, these approaches are time and labor intensive. Lewis (LEW) rats were originally developed by Margaret Lewis from the Wistar strain. A comparative study. 344 rats: I. Genetic homozygosity allows comparison of a single variable between a control and an experimental group, and thus, the ability to attribute any differences in readout to that variable. F344, SS, and FHH. messenger-RNA in the cortex, hippocampus and dorsal raphe of 3 strains Unknown expression patterns can also be determined by using Green fluorescent protein (GFP) as the protein expressed by UAS. E. L., Reuber M. D., and Godfrey F. (1969) Methylcholanthrene-induced C. J. and Watkinson W. P. (1995) Strain differences in the laboratory H., Yamori Y., Hansen C. T., and Lovenberg W. (1982) Heart size in inbred This is known as heterosis. However, treatment with cyproproterone acetate for 21 h8NA?p5( wey;^ Soc. Bull. Am. F344/DuCr rats. with special reference to testicular, uterine, and thyroid tumours. Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC. Behavioural 0000002728 00000 n outbred and inbred rats using cyanogen bromide-derived peptides purified This is easily the most widely used general-purpose inbred rat strain, Behav. (Gibson D. C., Adelman R. C., and Finch C., eds), pp. Part 1. T. (1994) In-vivo characterization of the tachykinin B. toxicity of polybrominated biphenyls in rats and mice. Appl. S. M., Brown S., Miklos H., and Fireman P. (1974) Reagin synthesis in Sensitive to the convulsive effects of kainic acid (2/4) 282 0 obj <> endobj Factors in the Fischer-344 rat. Inbred strains are isogenic and homozygous at all genetic loci. Pan L. C., Wilson leukemia and other disorders. M. F. W. Sollars B., Plotz P. H., and Wilder R. L. (1984) Lactobacillus-casei Diloreto Billingham [9] Such strains are useful in the analysis of variance within an inbred strain or between inbred strains because any differences would be due to the single genetic change, or to a difference in environmental conditions between two individuals of the same strain. Sprague-Dawley rats were resistant (English proteins and their regulation by chronic morphine in the mesolimbic dopamine R., Geyer M. A., Gold P. W., and Sternberg E. M. (1992) Differential startle 2009), and we have determined the protein coding genes and non-coding conserved sequences of some representative . Cameron sodium (5/7=70mg/kg) (Shearer et al 1975). (1985) Nutritional influences on aging of Fischer and Chan A. W. K. (1994) Absence of acute tolerance to ethanol hypnosis weight gain, survival and neoplasia in the F344 rat. Milman Under these conditions, it has been calculated and now observed that the probability of homozygosity (genetic identity between the two alleles of a gene) at any locus is nearly 100%. The latter project led to the development of the DBA strain of mice, now widely distributed as the two major sub-strains DBA/1 and DBA/2, which were separated in 1929-1930. Kunz Carthew (1992) B. Y. and Garner F. M. (1976) Interstitial cell tumor. al (1983). al 1979) . rats after gavage administration of hydroquinone. Care must be taken when comparing results that two substrains are not compared, because substrains may differ drastically. These include over eight million histological slides, and a
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