2013;8(2):e56803. For a more detailed discussion on the bioavailability of different forms of vitamin C, see the article,The Bioavailability of Different Forms of Vitamin C. Severe vitamin C deficiency has been known for many centuries as the potentially fatal disease, scurvy. Nutr J. Relationship of ascorbic acid to blood lead levels. There is a need for larger, longer-duration phase II clinical trials that test the efficacy of intravenous vitamin C in disease progression and overall survival (176). Vitamin C in Health and Disease. Additional studies have reported that vitamin C enhances the chemotactic and microbial killing capacities of neutrophils and stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of B- and T-lymphocytes (reviewed in 18). Arch Med Sci. 2015(9):Cd004072. Conversely, a 2008 meta-analysis of 14 cohort studies concluded that dietary, but not supplemental, vitamin C intake was inversely related to CHD risk (47). (PubMed), 61. Pauling's therapeutic dosage of vitamin C for those diagnosed with cardiovascular disease is from 6,000 mg up to 18,000 mg (or bowel tolerance). Moreover, several dioxygenases involved in the regulation of gene expression and the maintenance of genome integrity require vitamin C as a cofactor. 2009;170(4):472-483. Johnston CS. Despite conflicting results, it may be prudent for individuals predisposed to oxalate kidney stone formation to avoid high-dose vitamin C supplementation. Annu Rev Nutr. Pastor-Valero M. Fruit and vegetable intake and vitamins C and E are associated with a reduced prevalence of cataract in a Spanish Mediterranean population. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. Fruit, vegetable and vitamin C intakes and plasma vitamin C: cross-sectional associations with insulin resistance and glycaemia in 9-10 year-old children. (PubMed), 156. Take 6,000 to 18,000 mg of vitamin C as ascorbic acid daily (some of the vitamin may be taken as sodium ascorbate) up to bowel tolerance (6 to 18 g). Vitamin C intake from diary recordings and risk of breast cancer in the UK Dietary Cohort Consortium. Influence of intravenous vitamin E supplementation in cardiac surgery on oxidative stress: a double-blinded, randomized, controlled study. Michels AJ, Frei B. Myths, artifacts, and fatal flaws: identifying limitations and opportunities in vitamin C research. Among the five out of eight trials in asthmatic subjects that reported on FEV1 outcomes, none found a difference between vitamin C supplementation and placebo(180). Dr. Pauling, for whom the Linus Pauling Institute has great respect, based his own recommendations for vitamin C largely on theoretical arguments. Relation between plasma ascorbic acid and mortality in men and women in EPIC-Norfolk prospective study: a prospective population study. It should also be noted that the Linus Pauling Institute's recommendation is strictly directed towards prevention of disease in healthy individuals, not treatment of disease. Another pilot multicenter trial found better lung function during the first week of life and lower risk of wheezing through one year of age in infants whose smoking mothers were randomized to receive vitamin C (500 mg/day) rather than a placebo during pregnancy (95). A similar finding was obtained in a double-blind, randomized controlled trial in which combined supplementation with vitamin C (500 mg/day), vitamin E (800 IU/day), and -lipoic acid (900 mg/day) for 16 weeks reduced lipoprotein oxidation in CSF but elicited no clinical benefit in individuals with mild-to-moderate AD (n=78) (105). Forman JP, Choi H, Curhan GC. (PubMed), 123. Vitamin C is the primary water-soluble, non-enzymatic antioxidant in plasma and tissues. Endothelial dysfunction is considered to be an early step in the development of atherosclerosis. New York: Plenum Press; 1996:215-231. Am J Clin Nutr. Sepsis and septic shockdefined as persistent sepsis-induced low blood pressureare associated with elevated mortality rates in critically ill patients (150, 151). Vitamin C infusion also lowered the concentration of markers of inflammation and endothelial injury in patients compared to placebo (154). 2018;9:809. (PubMed), 10. JAMA. Collagen is required to keep our arteries flexible and strong. Some (24, 191, 192), but not all (193-195), studies have reported that supplemental vitamin C increases urinary oxalate concentrations. At the Linus Pauling Institute, we have based our vitamin C recommendations on the current body of scientific evidence, which is significantly greater than it was at Pauling's time but remains incomplete owing to the many diverse functions of vitamin C in the human body that have yet to be fully understood. There is little evidence that the flavonoids in most commercial preparations increase the bioavailability or efficacy of vitamin C (187). (PubMed), 143. You may hyperlink to this website but must include the following statement: "This link leads to a website provided by the Linus Pauling Institute at Oregon State University. (PubMed), 19. 2005;4:5. A 2012 meta-analysis of 29 trials found no effect of oral vitamin C, given alone or in combination with other antioxidants, on all-cause mortality (127). New York: Garland Publishing, Inc.; 1994:1139-1193. A vitamin C deficiency equals a collagen deficiency. Cigarette smoking during pregnancy and risk of preeclampsia: a systematic review. These contradictory findings indicate that further research is needed on potential interactions between antioxidant supplements and cholesterol-lowering drugs, such as HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins). Ames, Iowa: Wiley-Blackwell; 2012:248-260. There is some evidence, though controversial, that vitamin C interacts with anticoagulant medications like warfarin (Coumadin). (PubMed), 86. Cardiovasc Diabetol. (PubMed), 180. Sauberlich HE. 2011;58(3):372-379. Donin AS, Dent JE, Nightingale CM, et al. With respect to vitamin C and cerebrovascular disease, a prospective cohort study that followed more than 2,000 residents of a rural Japanese community for 20 years found that the risk of stroke in those with the highest serum concentrations of vitamin C was 29% lower than in those with the lowest serum concentrations of vitamin C (57). 2012;38(2):114-122. Both vitamin C and aspirin reduced fasting blood glucose and HbA1c concentrations and improved blood lipid profile in metformin-treated patients. Br J Nutr. 2011;26(3):309-318. (PubMed), 4 Young JI, Zuchner S, Wang G. Regulation of the epigenome by vitamin C. Annu Rev Nutr. Arch Ophthalmol. (PubMed), 151. Similar results have been reported in septic patients given intravenous vitamin C (1.5 g/6 h), hydrocortisone (50 mg/6 h), and thiamin (200 mg/12 h) until hospital discharge. Cancer Causes Control. (PubMed), 141. A cerebrovascular event, or stroke, can be classified as hemorrhagic or ischemic. Reversal of ionoregulatory disruptions in occupational lead exposure by vitamin C. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. Compared to standard-of-care, this intervention cocktail more than halved the mean duration of vasopressor use (18.3 h versus 54.9 h) and reduced the odds of mortality by nearly 90% (156). (PubMed), 20. Wang L, Sesso HD, Glynn RJ, et al. More recent prospective cohort studies have reported no association between dietary and/or supplemental vitamin C intake and breast cancer (67-69). The information should not be used in place of a consultation with a competent health care or nutrition professional. Originally written in 2000 by: A systematic review. The lack of Vitamin C is a deficiency disease called Scurvy. (PubMed), 192. Vitamin C treatment substantially reduced the incidence of periprocedural myocardial injury, as assessed by a reduction in the concentrations of two markers of myocardial injury, namely creatine kinase and troponin-I (131). (PubMed), 99. World J Crit Care Med. Depletion-repletion pharmacokinetic experiments demonstrated that plasma vitamin C concentration is tightly controlled by three primary mechanisms: intestinal absorption, tissue transport, and renal reabsorption (22). Englard S, Seifter S. The biochemical functions of ascorbic acid. 2015;45(11):1161-1174. Chest. A comprehensive review of the literature found no credible scientific evidence that supplemental vitamin C promotes oxidative damage under physiological conditions or in humans (206). Levine M, Conry-Cantilena C, Wang Y, et al. Ye Z, Song H. Antioxidant vitamins intake and the risk of coronary heart disease: meta-analysis of cohort studies. Patients are advised to discuss with their oncologist before using vitamin C supplements (200, 201). Lee SH, Oe T, Blair IA. BMC Complement Altern Med. (PubMed), 121. (PubMed), 132. 2013;5(11):4284-4304. Additionally, work by Linus Pauling Institute investigators has shown that cellular uptake of vitamin C declines with age, supporting the notion that vitamin C requirements are increased in the elderly. (PubMed), 165. Once plasma vitamin C concentrations reach saturation, additional vitamin C is largely excreted in the urine. J Nutr. Nutr Rev. Finally, mutations in genes coding for vitamin C-dependent TET demethylases, mutations that are common in cancer cells, may also contribute to resistance to vitamin C treatment (165). Also after Pauling passed, Life Extension reported on Japanese research showing that vitamin K has hormone-like properties, which help move calcium from soft tissue into bones. The information on dietary factors and supplements, food, and beverages contained on this website does not cover all possible uses, actions, precautions, side effects, and interactions. The Pauling therapy is a combination of the specific orthomolecular nutrients - ascorbic acid, lysine and proline - that are proven to combat coronary heart disease at the specific dosages recommended by Linus Pauling. Corvallis, Oregon 97331, phone: 541-737-5075 | fax: 541-737-5077 You may not copy, modify, distribute, display, transmit, perform, publish or sell any of the copyrightable material on this website. Zabet MH, Mohammadi M, Ramezani M, Khalili H. Effect of high-dose Ascorbic acid on vasopressor's requirement in septic shock. Choi HK, Gao X, Curhan G. Vitamin C intake and the risk of gout in men: a prospective study. Lp(a) is a "sticky bandage" within coronary arteries that may induce blood clots when vitamin C/lysine blood levels are low (9). The European Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Norfolk prospective cohort study investigated the relationship between vitamin C status and incident heart failure in healthy adults (9,187 men and 11,112 women, aged 58.1+/-9.2 years) (49). (PubMed), 9 Vallance S. Relationships between ascorbic acid and serum proteins of the immune system. Balbi ME, Tonin FS, Mendes AM, et al. A number of observational studies have found increased dietary vitamin C intake to be associated with decreased risk of gastric (stomach) cancer, and laboratory experiments indicate that vitamin C inhibits the formation of carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds in the stomach (70-72). The effect of vitamin C, alone or with allopurinol, decreasing serum uric acid was modest and much less than that of allopurinol alone. (PubMed), 186. Vol. Antioxidants for Alzheimer disease: a randomized clinical trial with cerebrospinal fluid biomarker measures. 2010;12(2):209-217. People with impaired kidney function may be at risk for aluminum toxicity when supplemental vitamin C is taken at the same time as these compounds (200, 201). The Shibata study. An upper intake level of 2 g/day is recommended in order to prevent some adults from experiencing diarrhea and, Supplemental vitamin C increases urinary oxalate concentrations, but whether an increase in urinary oxalate elevates the risk for. (PubMed), 116. [Your name] is not affiliated or endorsed by the Linus Pauling Institute or Oregon State University. A meta-analysis of 29 small randomized controlled trials of short durations (median duration, 8 weeks) in 1,407 participants (10 to 120 subjects per trial; including both normotensive and hypertensive subjects) found that daily supplementation with 60 to 4,000 mg of vitamin C (median dose, 500 mg) reduced systolic blood pressure by 3.84 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure by 1.48 mm Hg (45). Angioplasty involves temporarily inserting and inflating a tiny balloon into the clogged artery to help restore the blood flow to the heart. (PubMed), 55. Linus Pauling recommended at least 3000mg of vitamin C per day as a preventive dose, and significantly higher levels of both vitamin C and lysine for the treatment of existing heart disease. (PubMed), 70. 2001;21(3):235-237. A 2012 review of nine randomized controlled trials found no substantial effect of -carotene, vitamin C, and vitamin E, administered individually or in combination over 2.1 to 12 years, on the risk of cataracts or cataract surgery (112). 2014;5:e1083. Chen Q, Espey MG, Sun AY, et al. In: Packer L, Fuchs J, eds. (PubMed), 112. (PubMed), 52. Anderson R, Oosthuizen R, Maritz R, Theron A, Van Rensburg AJ. 1977;2(6084):437-438. (PubMed), 27. Research Associate Professor Potential mechanisms of action for vitamin C in cancer: reviewing the evidence. "Vitamin C" Vitamin C and Cancer - Dr. Linus Pauling - How To Live Longer and Feel Better - Vitamin C Dr. Linus Pauling and Dr. Abram HofferVitamin C, Vita. In the Nurses' Health Study, premenopausal women with a family history of breast cancer who consumed an average of 205 mg/day of vitamin C from food had a 63% lower risk of breast cancer than those who consumed an average of 70 mg/day (65). (PubMed), 76. Crit Care Med. (PubMed), 77. (PubMed), 47. Stephen R, Utecht T. Scurvy identified in the emergency department: a case report. The other trial randomized subjects diagnosed with infection-related asthma to receive 5 g/day of vitamin C or a placebo for one week; a lower proportion of participants was found to present with bronchial hypersensitivity to histaminewhich characterizes chronic asthmain the vitamin C group compared to the control group (reviewed in 179). Decreased vitamin C concentrations in the lens of the eye have been associated with increased severity of cataracts (108). (PubMed). In a small (n=23), open-label trial, combined supplementation with vitamin C (1,000 mg/day) and vitamin E (400 IU/day) to AD patients taking a cholinesterase inhibitor significantly increased antioxidant levels and decreased lipoprotein oxidation in CSF after one year, but had no effect on the clinical course of AD compared to controls (104). Lysine also prevents collagen-digesting enzymes from destroying collagen. Hansen SN, Tveden-Nyborg P, Lykkesfeldt J. Michels AJ, Joisher N, Hagen TM. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 11th ed. Without collagen to repair the inevitable damage from mechanical and oxidative stress, your blood vessels grow weaker and weaker, and you eventually die from scurvy. Abramovici A, Gandley RE, Clifton RG, et al. Pediatrics. J Biol Chem. Jane Higdon, Ph.D. Song Y, Xu Q, Park Y, Hollenbeck A, Schatzkin A, Chen H. Multivitamins, individual vitamin and mineral supplements, and risk of diabetes among older U.S. adults. 1996;173(6):1502-1505. J Urol. All our products feature Linus Pauling's two main recommendations: Lots of vitamin C and the amino acid lysine to neutralize Lp (a) cholesterol. Zheng Selin J, Rautiainen S, Lindblad BE, Morgenstern R, Wolk A. High-dose supplements of vitamins C and E, low-dose multivitamins, and the risk of age-related cataract: a population-based prospective cohort study of men. (PubMed), 168. The information is made available with the understanding that the author and publisher are not providing medical, psychological, or nutritional counseling services on this site. Curhan GC, Willett WC, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ. Adults. Int J Vitam Nutr Res Suppl. Carr AC, Cook J. In a 1974 radio interview, he noted that "the first 250 mg is more important than any later 250 mg. 2004;27(4):925-930. 2011;34(1):108-114. Clin Neuropsychol. Plasma and dietary vitamin C levels and risk of gastric cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC-EURGAST). Free Radic Biol Med. High-dose of vitamin C supplementation reduces amyloid plaque burden and ameliorates pathological changes in the brain of 5XFAD mice. In the Swedish Mammography Cohort, overweight women who consumed an average of 110 mg/day of vitamin C had a 39% lower risk of breast cancer compared to overweight women who consumed an average of 31 mg/day (66). Several cross-sectional studies have reported an inverse association between vitamin C status and blood lead concentration.
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